' - �-· - THE HısroRY OF·'COGENERATIO'N: - � - - - - - · in his second article on the history of cogeneration, Morris Pierce l ooks at the electrical age and how the introduction of electric lights and utility regulation affected cogeneration during this period. Until the late 1970s and early 1880s, opportunities for combined heat and power were generally limited to industrial steam aplications in which boilers and engines were widely employed. in 1877, Birdsill holly introduced his Holly Steam Combination System with a prototype installation in Lockport (Newyork). The Holly system distributed steam from a central boiler plant to serve industrial, commercial, and residential consumers, all owing them to enjoy the many advantages of steam without the expense and nuisance of owning and maintaining on-site boilers. Holly issued a series of booklets describing his system, and they show an evolution from using high-pressure steam to power an engine with the exhaust heating a single building, to a more comprehensive scheme in which exhaust steam from one or more larger engines was re-distributed to other consumers. Two system in Lynn (Massachusetts) and New Haven (Connecticut) were buult on these ideas: first, with high-pressuresteam from the boiler plants first delivered to customers with steam engines; then,the exhaust steam from these engines was then collected and distributed through a second, low-pressure steam main to serve customers who only required heat. Yet another variation of this appeared in San Francisco in about 1886, where there was no centralized boiler plant and the steam company distributed low preasure steam purchased from various facilities that had their own boilers and steam engines. Other district heating schemes also appeared at this time, including an interesting installation at an asylum built in 1876 in Croydon (south of Landon) by prominent British architect Frederick Bramwell. This system installation utilized low temperature hot water that was heated with exhaust steam from the steam engines that drove the hot water pumps. Bramwell gave an extensive report on this system to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879, but unfortunately no copies of this report seem to have survived. Several other competitors offered systems similar to Holly's, but none endured in the marketplace. ELECTRIC LIGHTS The introduction of electric lights marked a new era both for steam power and cogeneration. Although many think this era began with Thomas A. Edison's 1882 Pearl Street plant in New York, The Edison Company for lsolated Lighting had installed several electric lighting systems to industrial and institutional consumers prior to the opening of the Pearl Street station. Most of these 'isolated' plants were installed in existing boiler plants and utilized cogeneration. By the end of 1885 Edison companies had installed 569 isolated plants servDoğal Gaz. Dergisi 1 15 HOT WATER HEATING? THE EYANS-ALMlRALL HOT WATER SYSTEM OF EXHAUST HEATING! TWO HUNOREO AND FIFTY PLANTS iN OPERATION. THE BEST SYSTEM BECAUSE: t:Kbıuut !fteaıı, tıud \l'lthoııt Oac-k l'rtuıne. AH t:ond••••11on Haved ııt Hlatloıı, Oıılr Oıuı Llne or FJpcı Needed. No ExCr• Doller� IC.q■lrt:ıl, Teıııpnature ol Y.ntlre H,ateııı \'arlabhı. Hlmple•t ıı.ııd ffHt t:coııoıulcAI, WftlTll FON CATALOCUIE, EVANS, ALMIRALL & CO., :J&ııllılw' I Ha&ılt' tIC.'C"ll••••w• l ıJ<ccll,wıl f,voI IıOuST: . ON , l•U3 0 lıruı, N, W., WAtHtNCT(UI, 1205 Monudnock Block, OHIOAOO. ing nearly 200,000 lamps, while 20 central stations operating in the United States were supplying power to 92,660 lamps. The lsolated Lighting company published some impressive testimonials from their customers before they merged with the Central Station company in 1886. The superintendent of the lllinois lnstitution for the Deaf and Dump noted that 'as we use the exhaust steam from our electric light engine for warming purposes in lieu of live steam, the cost of this light is very little compered to its usefulness and with the cost of other artificial light'. The Michigan School for the Blind 'connected the exhaust from the engine in to the eight-inch main steam pipe of our heating system, on which we carry five pounds pressure. As exhaust steam contains the latent heat on which we depend for heating our buiildings, we find that more than four-fifths of the heat in the high-pressure boiler becomes available for heating purposes'. The lllinois Northern Hospital for the lnsane reported that 'since the exhaust steam from the engine has been turneci into our heating mains and made to do double duty, namely, light and warm our building at the same time, the actual cost of the light has been reduced to a mere bagatella'. Despite the initial sales of isolated plants, the ceııtral stations served a much greater number of lamps �er system and were clearly the wave of the future.The economics of cogeneration were not lost on the central station operators, howeveer, and in 1886 the Association of Edison llluminating Companies described the electric plant of the future that included using the exhaust heat to warm nearby buildings. The Edison company in Albany (New York) was perhaps the first to employ cogeneration in a central station in 1886 and the following year the central station in Harrisburg (Pennsylvania) began delivering exhaust heat to the Harrisburg Steam Company, which was owned by the same investors and located adjacent to the lighting plant. Central stations in Bostan, lndianapolis, Kansas City, and Rochester (New York) started cogeneration in 1889. Eylül -Ekim 2000 Sayı 70
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