We can show you in BLACK ANDW·HITE new systems were installed after around 1905. The reasons for this are complex, but can largely be traced to technological improvements in electric generating that were not matched by innovations in district heating.Electric utilities were becoming a big business and needed large amounts of power to serve their growing customer base. Figure 1 shows the enormous growth of electric Tlıaı tlıe exhaust stcam from your cngincs can be sold for ıhrce timts thc cost of produclion by installing OUR SYSTEM or UNDERGROUND STEAM HEATING MAINS, utility generation in the United States from 1902 Thus seeuring your powcr frec at thc st,ıtion, and cheapcr than w,terpower. to 1932. Of particular interest in the decline in the number of steam engines, which were the prime movers in most cogeneration plants at the turn of the century. The average output of these engines was 250 kW and they produced a large amount of heat relative to the electric output. in many systems for which records exist, the revenue from heat sales alone was sufficient to pay Writc for our ntw pa.mphlct, giving full details. MtNTION '11!.STl!RN f.U'.CTRJCL\N, AMERICAN DISTRICT STEAM CO., LOCKPORT, N. v. Juan Almirall and Quimby N. Evans promoted their own lowtemperature hot water system design, which was unique in having a single pipe that formed a loop around the district to be served. Customer connections were made using a pair of pipes connected to the single main and by all accounts this worked quite well. William H. Schott of Chicago was alsa actively involved in developing hot water systems in the Midvest, which utilized a variation of the Yaryan system. üne system that Schott was involved with was lndianapolis, which discovered in 1901 that the natural gas fields that had supplied their heating needs for several years were running out. Rather than resume the burning of coal in individual buildings, a committee was appointed by the Merchants' Association early in 1902 to report on the best way to heat their buildings while minimizing the smoke nuisance. They accepted Schott's plan to construct a cogenerathe entire annual fuel costs for the plants, which would have made them very popular indeed, especially compared with a similar plant without cogeneration that would have had a thermal efficiency in the low single digits. UTILITY REGULATIONS As high voltage transmission lines began to interconnect smaller electric systems to create 'Networks of Power', smaller electric generating plants had to copete against lowcost power generated in large condencing stations and hydroelectric plants. Almost overnight, the economic viability of smaller plants become instantly precarious. Small plants that did not cogenerate were soon placed in standby service and quickly disappeared from sight as the reliability of large plants and transmission systems became proven. Surprisingly (or not surprisingly to the readers of this magazine),a large tion plant to provide hot water heating service to the downtown area, which Schott completed in only five months. Low-temperature hot water offered significant efficiency advantages by allowing steam engines to exhaust into the vacuum formed by the low-temperature hot water, which has distributed at a maximum of about 82 C (180 F) in the winter and less during warmer weather. The American District Steam Mr. ManagerCompany fought the hot water systems with a vengeance and were greatly aied by vacuum condensate return system developed by such firms as Webster and Paul, which allowed lower pressure steam to be distributed from the lighting plant. By the first world war more than 450 central stations were cogenerating, largely in a belt through lowa, lllinois, lndiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Available evidence indicates that few Doğal Gaz Dergisi Why are you llırowing away the exhaust stca.m from your cngines when people nre willing to pay you three times its cost of production for heating purposcs? Ali that is necessary is to install our systcm of Underground Stcam Heatiııg Mains. You can increasc your clcctric business. You can incrcasc your receipts. Vou can dcfy compctition. You can furnish large blocks, which now have thcir own boilers1 cngincs and dyna.mos, with steam hcat, elcctric light a.nd powcr. Wl"ite ror our paınphtct show• ing how it is done. Mentioıı Wcstcrn Elcctrici.ın. American District Sıeam Co,, ı.ocıo•ORT, N. ,·. 118 Eylül • Ekim 2000 Sayı 70
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