lack of coal, but by the nationalization of the rail40.,...- ------------------------, roads by President Woodrow Wilson to support the war effort. Although the long-term lesson learned from this was that the Federal Government was not smart enough to run railroads, the short-term lesson was that electricity should be generated near coal mines and transmitted to urban areas. The major question was whether these new plants should be owned by private utilities (the 'Superpower' Scheme) or by the government ('Giant Power'). Conservationist Gifford Pinchot was elected governor of Pennsylvania in 1922 and quickly became the most vocal advoate of 'GiantPower', aided by his friend Morris L. Cooke. Although he did not prevail on the issue of governu-1------------------------ :ıo t------,;= l!l::;:Ste =am==:T=u,==blnea =,----------------1 □Hydro 21 ---�■Steam Englnes ■ ICEn ınes ffia+---------------- 11-1---------------- 10-1------------ 19DZ 19117 1912 1917 1'22 FIGURE ı. US electric utility prime movers 1121 nu mber of small central station cogenerating plants dating from this era continued to operate for several decades. The introduction of larger generating units by itself did not lead to the decline in central station cogeneration, but these larger units allowed a number of public policy decisions to be made that contributed to this downward trend. The first of these issues was the introduction of utility regulation at the state level, rather than by municipal authorities as had been the situation previously. Many utility executives initially fought the movement towards state regulation, but led by Samuel lnsull of Chicago Edison (later Commonwealth Edison), they realized that this would require them to work with (read co-opt, or more darkly, buy off) a single body in each state rather than with a maze of local officials. American historian of technology Richard Hirsch of Virginia Tech has closely documented the process by which most state regulators simply became the pawns of electric utilities. Along with electricity and gas, district heating service became regulated at the state level in many instances, but regulators had little expertise or inclination to learn the intricacies of this unique business, particularly since only a few voices championed these systems at any level. The National District Heating Association was founded in 1909 by a group of individuals involved in district heating in the Midvest, primarily in Ohio, because the electrical associations to which they belonged no longer paid any attention to them. Unfortunately, the decline was well under way by then, and without a strong base of new investment they could only watch their own industry decline at the same time it was starting to expand in Europe. This trend was exacerbated by an energy crisis in the United States, caused by a shortage of coal on the East Coast during the bitter winter of 1917-18. This was not caused by any 1N2 Doğal Gaz Dergisi 119 ment ownership at the time (the governmentowned Tennessee Valley authority and other federal power projects came along later), he was very successful at ı;etting large power plants built near Pennsylvania's coal mines. it is with utmost irony that Pinchot, America's first professionally trained forester, could also be HEAT AND LIGHT PROCEED FROM ONE SOURCE ln tlıo groat laboratory of naturo, lıoat and Ught n.ro tho lifo o! thc world. If tho sun gavo out Uglıt and no hoat, or vlco vorsıı., the world would bo a doad planet. Tho olectrlc sta.tion tha.t supplles power ıı.lone ıs only ha.lf fu!Jlllinır ıts miasion. Hea.t is as ataple an artlclo n.s Uglıt and quito as indisponsable and lıeat bills a.re largor tlıan bllls for Uglıti.ng in most buildings, . . Tlıe oloctric statton, liglıting or raUway. in ita oxhauat sto&m, wlıich ıt ıs porbaps wa.sting in tlıo a.ir, possosses tho uıoans of incroaeing its not lncomo by many thouıso.nds of dollars. Scores of tlıoso eteam heating plants constructod by us are in opera.tion now. Our undorground systom ot stoa.m mains is the most comploto1 tlıo mo�t durable, the moat up.to�date tlıat exporionco a.nd ingonulty can dovıso. Our metlıods of insulation and dovices for providing tor expanalon and contraction of tlıo u.nderground pipos are tho most porfoct yot invonted. Our Condousation Meter is a corroct moasure of the o.mou.nt of stoam used by eaclı consumor. witlıout whiclı tho Company is liable to sorioua loss without boing ablo to locato it. A motor is onc of tho most ossential foatures appllca.blo to a hoating system. For particulars writo tor our pamphlet. AddrossAMERICAN DISTRICT STEAM CO.b�f�8R�: Eylül • Ekim 2000 Sayı 70
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