lfT PROCU:D FROII ONE SOURt:E. naItnutrhaa graat laboratory ot , haat and llght aro tha Ufa or tha world. ır tha aıın gava oııt llght ·and no ııaı.t, or vıoa varsı., tha world woııld be a -daad planet. The olootrla at.&tlon that auppllaa powor alona la oanrUlyolehaı .le! llllgıh11t1llalnndg Clintaltamulıallnadnl.apKanoaııt,bllaa, a a. nıd ehtaaıp,tlab lan lla ı.ro ıargıır tbı.n bllla for llghUng in moat bulldlngo. Tho oıootrıo at.atlon, Jlghtlng or rallwıı,y, in ita axbauıt ataa.m, whloh t 18 u o c n o e m tp r a o u r o b h t y a o d p m ı b ay wn :a u ır o ı t t hl a n o r u g e ı i ı i n n .n t d o b a p a o o r f a a l d r t o , ı lo p l n a o r ı ı n ı a . o a w H S Hc o r tohı ao fmtohaano oe eotfo almn o rhoaaaet ll nu gg ipt laa nn toat oıtoduurraubnldaorground o:,atom of ıtum maluı le tho moıt complato, tha , tha moet up-to-dato that axporlonco and lngıınulty aan ovıao. Oıır mothoda of .lnıulatıon and dovtceı for provldlng for oxpauaıon d contraoUon or tha undarground ptpoa aro tho moot porl'eot yot ı o d ob ıyı r o aOoohn dcaonnaaautml oonr , ı ıw: alttahro luıt awcholrarho c tt h mo oOaoııunrpoa uo yf t hl ıo Uıaw ıbol uo nttao ra oart ol oauma oaaıtuwroltıhaopuptllbooalbnlgo atbolo••thooıl.otolnagtoaiyt.ıtoAmm. otor lı ono or tııe moıt aaıontıaı Foı· partloul"nı wrlto for our pı.mphlot. Addroaa- \MERIC-AN DISTRl�T 5TE-AM (o Loc�PORT NEW Y□RK. considered the 'father of acid rain' for his tireless efforts to promote inefficient coal-fired power generation. Despite the widespread movement towards large power plants built away from urban areas, not ali cogenerationsystems disappeared. lndustrial plants, the earliest users of cogeneration, continued to employ it on a large scale, particularly in the petrochemical sector. Several cogeneration schemes based on urban district heating were owned by electric utilities that managed to evade being swallowed whole by large holding companies. Among these were Consolidated Edison in New York City, Detroit Edison, lndianapolis Power & Light, Boston Edison, Philadelphia Electric, and many municipal utilities that cogenerated in their ow powerplants. These systems survived and even prospered, although several of the heating operations were disaggregated and sold to specialist energy providers in the 1980s. The third category of cogenerators that resisted were individual building systems, many of which were not even connected to the utility grid. These could be found in large hoDoğal Gaz Dergisi 120 tels, hospitals, institutions, and other facilities that required heat and power on a more or less continuous basis. The US Census Bureau in 1902 identified 3620 central electric stations, but estimated there were more than 50,000 'isolated' plants supplying the needs of individual consumers. Electricity magnate Henry Doherty found these systems enomıously difficult to displace because of their efficiency; he, and other investor-owned utilities, were so determined to dispose of this competition that they often built steam plants to meet their customers' needs and ran the plants as a loss simply to eliminate the competition for electricity. Users of isolated plants included many governmental bodies, and taxpayers naturally(or perhaps prompted by interested parties) questioned of the true cost of owning and operating an on-site cogeneration plant compared with buying the same service from utilities. üne of the more famousof such studies was done in 1913 by Reginald Pelham Bolton for the City of New York's Municipal Hali of Records, witch had a coal-fired steam cogeneration plant. Bolton's study showed that it would be less expensive to buy electricity and steam from the local utility companies than to operate their own plant, a conclusion that was aided by the offer of a substantial rate discount by the New York Edison Company. Plants that were connected to the utility grid faced increasing rates for standby charges, and as the arena for regulation shifted from city hali to state regulatory commissions consumers lost much of the political clout they had formerly exercised over this issue. Although cogeneration was about to be launched on a large scale in Europe and many visitors came to the United States, particularly New York, to visit large-scale cogeneration plants, the topic almost disappeared from America for nearly half a century. in the early 1920s lra Evans, son of Quimby Evans, wrote several articlesemphasizing the need to utilize heating as a part of electric supply planning, but he was ignored, as was an editorial in Power magazine in 1926 pointing out that the best condencing plant at the time could operate at an efficiency of barely 25%, while a high-pressure steam turbine exhausting into a high-pressure steam line would operate at about 70% efficiency. During the 1920s residential and commercial consumers could choose from a wide varietyof new furnaces and boilers operating on oil, natural gas, or manufactured gas, which were available in seemingly infinite quantities. Morris Pierce is in the Department of history at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, USA e-mai/: mapi@mail.rochester.edu Eylul - Ekim 2000 Say, 70
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