HISTORY OF COGENERATI ON iN THE UNITED STATES M. Kay THOMPSON Deputy Director Department of Energy, Office of Expart Asslstance Ms. lHOMPSON has o M. s. EC0· nomlcs degree from Florlda Stote Unlverslty and a B.A. Econamics degree from Wertksop College. Belere Jolnlng the Energy De• partment, she worked at the DepartmentofCommerce, mest recentlyas Dlrector, Policy Staff, Capltal Goodsand lnternational Constructlon. Ms, Thompson1s other pasltlons at the Depart• ment ot Commerce lnclude Director, CapitalGoods Division, lnternational Sector Pollcy; Dl· rector, Developlng Natlons Commerclal Pollcy Dlvlslon: Member, Negotiatingteam, u.s.• Mexlco Worklng Group on Electronlcs: Coordinator, U.S.Jolnt Economlc Commlssion forSaudlArabia, ıran, Egyptand lsrael. A. B. D. 'de Birleşik lsı Güç Üretiminin Tarihçesi Özet: Birleşik ısı güç üretimi 1880'/I yıllardan bu yana A.B.D.'de kullanılmaktadır. Ancak yol, su, elektrik gibi kamu servislerinin genel yapısı ve bunlarla llg/11 yönetmellk/erln yetersiz/iği dolayısıyla, kofenerasyon uygulama/arı 1978 yılına kadar kısrtlı oranlarda kalmıştır. 1978'de kurulan PURPA (Publlc Ut/lity Regu/atory Policies Act) mevcut yönetmeliklerin değiştirilmesi ve üretilen enerjiye pazar sağlanması yönündeki girişim/eriyle, kamu hizmetinde olmayan kuruluşların elektrik üretimine başlamalarını veya var olan üretim/erini artırmalarını teşvik etmiştir. Kamu hizmetinde o/mayan elektrik üretici/eri PURPA tarafından "yetki//" ve "yetkisiz" olamak üzere iki grupta tanım/anmıştır. PURPA kamu elektrik /derisinin "yetki//" olarak tanımlanan elektrik üreticileri ile bağlantı kurmasını ve bunlardan elektrik satın almasını sağlamıştır. PURPA tarafından "yetki//" olarak tanımlanan kuruluşlar, Federal Enerji Yönetmelik Komisyonu (FERC) tarafından belirlenen bazı kriterler/ haiz kurulaş/ardır. "Yetkili" tesisler iki grupta toplanmıştır. 1. Birleşik ısı Güç Üretici/eri: Aynı yakrtla hem elektrik hem de buhar ya da ısı gibi bir başka enerji üretebilen kuruluşlar. 2. Küçük Güç Üreticileri: Esas güç kaynağı olarak atık, yenilenebilir veya Jeotermal enerji kullanan kuruluşlar. Abslract: Allhough cogeneration has been used by industry in lhe U.S. since lhe lale l 880s, it was limited by unfavorable ulility rate structures and regulations until 1978 when the Public Ulility Regulatory Policies Act, known as PURPA, encouraged non-utililies to produce or increase eleclricity outputs by guaranteeing a market tor lhe electricıty !hey produced and by exempl i ng !hem from previous legislalive decisions. PURPA identified two categories of non-utility electricity producers; qualifying and non-qualifying tacilities. PURPA required electric utilities lo inlerconnect wilh and purchase power from any facility meeling the crlteria tor a qualifying facility (QF). These non-utilily generalors ere "qualified" under PURPA lf !hey meet cerlain ownership, operating, and efficiency criteıia established by lhe Federal Energy Regulalory Commission (FERC). 1. COGENERATION iN THE UNITED STATES Cogenerarion is ehe simulraneous producrion ofpower, such as elecrricity, and useful thermal energy or process hear, from ehe same fuel source. Alrhough cogeneration has been used by indusrry in ehe U.S. since ehe iare 1880s, it was limited by unfavorable uriliry rate srrucooc;;AL GAZ DERGİSİ SAYI. 33 102 rures and regulacions uncil 1987 when ehe Public Utiliry Regulatory Policies Acc, known as PURPA, encouraged non-uriliries co produce or increase eleccricicy oucputs by guaranreeing a market for ehe electricity they produced and by exempcing ehem from previous legislacive decisions. PURPA idenrified cwo cacegories of non-ucilicy eleccricicy producers: gualifyign and non-gualifyingfacilicies.PURPAreguiredelecrric ucilicies to İnterconnecc with and purchase power from any facilicy meecing ehe criteria for a gualifying facilicy (QF). These non-ucilicy generacors are "gualified" under PURPA ifchey meec cerrain ownership, operaring, and effıciencycrireriaescablished by ehe Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Furthermore, two rypes of gualifying facilicies were recognized: 1) Cogenerators, which seguenriallyproduce electric energy and anocher from ofenergy (such as heac or steam) using ehe same fuel source; and 2) Small Poıııer Prodııcers, which use wasce, renewable energy, or geochermal energy as a primary energy source. This paper evaluaces cogeneracion. Cogeneration is a new name for an old and proven method of producing power. During ehe !ate 19th and early 20th cennıries, U.S. industry generaced close co half ehe energy it used. As iare as 1950, cogeneration supplied approximacely 15% ofU.S. energy needs. [1} The use ofcogeneratİon declined as fuel became less expensive during ehe 1950s and 1960s and elecrric power generaced by ucilicies became more reliable and less expensive. By 1977, only 4% ofehe narion's energy came from cogeneracion, alchough in Europe higher fuel coscs spurred industries to continue and co expand
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